WebSocket实现Kubernetes Pod Exec终端工具

实现原理

        通过WebSocket实现Kubernetes Exec命令行终端,我们需要提供一个http server,前端页面首先请求http server,http server与k8s api server交互。 如下图,这里仅作为示例,按照正常的逻辑,肯定需要先进行一个参数校验以及权限认证,因为websocket请求上不可能出现账户相关敏感数据。比如,前端首先携带相关的clusterId、podName、namespace、 containerName等参数请求后端的一个接口,该接口负责对参数的基本校验,以及pod状态等校验,最终状态是无法exec的,重要的是要进行权限检查。权限检查之后,就可以生成一个关键信息字符串token, 前端通过这个token字符串作为参数请求server:wss://xx.com/exec?s=BbiMvEr8CpM0cmeNdd1yVQ ,可以采用JWT生成这个带时效性的token,也可以采用相关摘要算法对数据进行编码,然后作为 key存储到redis中,value则是相关的源数据,同时设定过期时间。

demo

        前端我们采用xterm.js进行交互,后端采用golang gin框架构建http server,github.com/gorilla/websocket包升级websocket协议, 选择client-go下的工具包remotecommand与kubernetes建立连接,client-go客户端版本v1.19以上才会有这个remotecommand工具,kubectl exec命令就是用这个包操作的。

        WebSocket连接就是基于一次普通的http get请求之上建立的,客户端在这次http get请求时,需要在请求header中增加几个关键的属性,后端server才能升级到WebSocket连接。

  • Connection: Upgrade 连接需要升级
  • Upgrade: websocket 升级到什么协议,具体的依赖后端支持哪些协议
  • Sec-WebSocket-Version:13 WebSocket版本
  • Sec-WebSocket-Key:TdSpMGWJu22IiPM6B6oSWQ== WebSocket握手Key

后端http框架gin的ResponseWriter已经实现了http.Hijacker接口,调用者在一次http get请求响应之前调用了Hijacker.Hijack方法,http server库就会把这个底层连接交由调用者线程或者协程进行处理, 前后端则可以通过这个连接进行WebSocket读写数据了。http server与kubernetes集群的api server则通过spdy协议建立长连接,打开Stream进行数据读写。首先我们查看一下kubectl exec发起的http请求:

kubectl exec -t container-cms-5b75bc47c5-rj2j7 -v 8 -n container-team -- date

部分http header信息如下:

I0419 09:47:35.741716   17438 round_trippers.go:416] POST https://156.0.1.9:9443/api/v1/namespaces/team/pods/container-cms-5b75bc47c5-rj2j7/exec?command=date&container=container-cms&stderr=true&stdout=true
I0419 09:47:35.741767   17438 round_trippers.go:423] Request Headers:
I0419 09:47:35.741794   17438 round_trippers.go:426]     X-Stream-Protocol-Version: v4.channel.k8s.io
I0419 09:47:35.741817   17438 round_trippers.go:426]     X-Stream-Protocol-Version: v3.channel.k8s.io
I0419 09:47:35.741855   17438 round_trippers.go:426]     X-Stream-Protocol-Version: v2.channel.k8s.io
I0419 09:47:35.741876   17438 round_trippers.go:426]     X-Stream-Protocol-Version: channel.k8s.io
I0419 09:47:35.741907   17438 round_trippers.go:426]     User-Agent: kubectl/v1.15.5 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/20c265f
I0419 09:47:35.794169   17438 round_trippers.go:441] Response Status: 101 Switching Protocols in 52 milliseconds
I0419 09:47:35.794224   17438 round_trippers.go:444] Response Headers:
I0419 09:47:35.794243   17438 round_trippers.go:447]     Connection: Upgrade
I0419 09:47:35.794269   17438 round_trippers.go:447]     Upgrade: SPDY/3.1
I0419 09:47:35.794288   17438 round_trippers.go:447]     X-Stream-Protocol-Version: v4.channel.k8s.io
I0419 09:47:35.794303   17438 round_trippers.go:447]     Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 01:47:35 GMT

Exec流程逻辑

通过下面的图我们再来了解一下kubectl exec 执行的流程逻辑,最终提供服务的是节点上启动的Stream Server,这个服务一般随着CRI shim启动而一起启动。

exec

  • 当在节点上执行kubectl exec时,这个请求首先是交给集群apiServer,apiServer则会调用kubelet的Exec API。
  • kubelet收到请求之后,会调用CRI的Exec接口,负责响应这个接口的自然是对应的CRI shim,比如Docker shim。
  • CRI shim并不会直接去调用后端的容器项目比如Docker来处理,而只是返回一个URL给kubelet,即CRI shim对应的Stream Server地址。
  • kubelet拿到URL之后,通过Redirect方式返回给apiServer,apiServer则通过重定向来请求Stream Server的Exec,建立长连接。

后端功能代码

后端server既然提供了websocket服务,则需提供一个websocket连接管理器,管理器需要统计系统中维护的连接数量,根据条件延续连接的生命周期,自动关闭无任何数据交互的连接,统计连接占用的时长,读写大小数据等, 甚至可以提供Prometheus Metrics数据,实时掌控系统中各连接指标,进而作一些限制,这里简单起见,只提供一个简单功能的管理器,进行一些日志打印以及自动延续连接生命周期功能。

package cluster

import (
    log "container-cms/logger"
    "container-cms/server"
    "github.com/gorilla/websocket"
    "sync"
    "time"
)

var webSocketManager *WebSocketManager

type WebSocketManager struct {
    sync.Mutex
    pool        map[*websocket.Conn]time.Time
    timer       *time.Ticker
    liveMinutes int
}

func init() {
    webSocketManager = &WebSocketManager{}
    webSocketManager.pool = make(map[*websocket.Conn]time.Time)
    webSocketManager.timer = time.NewTicker(time.Second * 10)
    liveMinutes := server.GetOptions().WebSocketLiveMinutes
    if liveMinutes < 2 {
        liveMinutes = 10
    }
    // 无任何输入 默认存活10分钟
    webSocketManager.liveMinutes = liveMinutes
}

func (wm *WebSocketManager) Put(conn *websocket.Conn) {
    if conn == nil {
        return
    }
    wm.Mutex.Lock()
    defer wm.Mutex.Unlock()
    wm.pool[conn] = time.Now().Add(time.Minute * time.Duration(wm.liveMinutes))
    log.GetLogger().WithField("total", len(wm.pool)).Info("add one conn")
}

func (wm *WebSocketManager) Del(conn *websocket.Conn) {
    if conn == nil {
        return
    }
    wm.Mutex.Lock()
    defer wm.Mutex.Unlock()
    if _, exist := wm.pool[conn]; exist {
        delete(wm.pool, conn)
        log.GetLogger().WithField("total", len(wm.pool)).Info("release one conn")
    }
}

// 延续WebSocket连接生命周期
func (wm *WebSocketManager) Renew(conn *websocket.Conn) {
    if conn == nil {
        return
    }
    wm.Mutex.Lock()
    defer wm.Mutex.Unlock()
    expireTime, ok := wm.pool[conn]
    if ok {
        expireTime = time.Now().Add(time.Minute * time.Duration(wm.liveMinutes))
        wm.pool[conn] = expireTime
        log.GetLogger().WithField("client", conn.RemoteAddr()).Infof("renew, expire time: %v", expireTime)
    }
}

// 自动关闭过期的WebSocket连接
func (wm *WebSocketManager) DelIfExpire() {
    wm.Lock()
    defer wm.Unlock()
    for k, v := range wm.pool {
        if time.Now().Unix() > v.Unix() {
            log.GetLogger().WithField("client", k.RemoteAddr().String()).Info("connect will be killed by websocket manager")
            delete(wm.pool, k)
            k.Close()
            log.GetLogger().WithField("total", len(wm.pool)).Info("release one conn")
        }
    }
}

// 启动WebSocket管理器
func (wm *WebSocketManager) Run() {
    for {
        select {
        case <-wm.timer.C:
            wm.DelIfExpire()
        }
    }
}
func GetWebSocketManager() *WebSocketManager {
    return webSocketManager
}

在main方法中增加代码 go cluster.GetWebSocketManager().Run() 启动WebSocket管理器。remotecommand包中的Stream在打开之前,需要给这个Stream设置Stream handler,StreamOptions结构:

// StreamOptions holds information pertaining to the current streaming session:
// input/output streams, if the client is requesting a TTY, and a terminal size queue to
// support terminal resizing.
type StreamOptions struct {
    Stdin             io.Reader
    Stdout            io.Writer
    Stderr            io.Writer
    Tty               bool
    TerminalSizeQueue TerminalSizeQueue
}

// TerminalSizeQueue is capable of returning terminal resize events as they occur.
type TerminalSizeQueue interface {
    // Next returns the new terminal size after the terminal has been resized. It returns nil when
    // monitoring has been stopped.
    Next() *TerminalSize
}

StreamHandler

因此,我们可以编写一个StreamHandler,实现io.Reader、io.Writer、TerminalSizeQueue接口,然后Stream在打开之后则会调用我们自定义的handler进行数据读写处理。

type WebStreamHandler struct {
    // web前端到后端的WebSocket连接
    conn *websocket.Conn
    sync.Mutex
    // 条件通知,类似Java中的lock.Condition,必须持有锁之后才能调用, 不使用条件等待通知机制,容易空耗cpu,类似for{}
    cond        *sync.Cond
    buffer      []byte
    resizeEvent chan remotecommand.TerminalSize
    // 用户是否取消了WebSocket
    cancel      chan struct{}
}

func NewWebStreamHandler(conn *websocket.Conn) *WebStreamHandler {
    handler := &WebStreamHandler{
        conn:        conn,
        resizeEvent: make(chan remotecommand.TerminalSize),
        cancel:      make(chan struct{}, 1),
    }
    return handler
}

func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) InitCond() {
    wsh.cond = sync.NewCond(wsh)
}

func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) Resize(ts remotecommand.TerminalSize) {
    wsh.resizeEvent <- ts
}

// 必须signal,否则还在等待条件的goroutine可能产生泄露
func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) Cancel() {
    wsh.cancel <- struct{}{}
    wsh.Lock()
    defer wsh.Unlock()
    wsh.cond.Signal()
}

func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) IsCanceled() bool {
    select {
    case <-wsh.cancel:
        return true
    default:
        return false
    }
}

// main线程写入数据了,通知goroutine中的Stream进行读取
func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) WriteBuffer(data []byte) {
    wsh.Lock()
    defer wsh.Unlock()
    wsh.buffer = append(wsh.buffer, data...)
    wsh.cond.Signal()
}

// stream 读取数据方法,必须实现的io.Reader
func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) Read(b []byte) (size int, err error) {
    wsh.Lock()
    defer wsh.Unlock()
    // 如果用了if,在多线程环境下,可能出现假唤醒
    for len(wsh.buffer) == 0 {
        if wsh.IsCanceled() {
            log.GetLogger().WithField("clientKey", wsh.conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("connect cancel")
            return 0, errors.New("connect has been canceled")
        }
        log.GetLogger().WithField("clientKey", wsh.conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("no data, waiting condition")
        wsh.cond.Wait()
        log.GetLogger().WithField("clientKey", wsh.conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("condition signal")
    }
    size = copy(b, wsh.buffer)
    wsh.buffer = wsh.buffer[size:]
    return
}

// stream 输出数据方法,必须实现的io.Writer
func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) Write(b []byte) (size int, err error) {
    if wsh.IsCanceled() {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("clientKey", wsh.conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("connect cancel")
        return 0, errors.New("connect has been canceled")
    }
    size = len(b)
    log.GetLogger().WithField("data", string(b)).Info("stream handler write data")
    err = wsh.conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, b)
    if err != nil {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("err", err).Info("stream data write to websocket front error")
    }
    return
}

// stream改变终端大小的方法,必须实现
func (wsh *WebStreamHandler) Next() (terminalSize *remotecommand.TerminalSize) {
    e := <-wsh.resizeEvent
    terminalSize = &e
    return
}

HttpHandler

我们自定义的WebStreamHandler已经定义完成,接下来则是提供http handler接收前端的WebSocket请求。

type ExecParam struct {
    Namespace     string `json:"namespace" form:"namespace"`
    ClusterId     string `json:"clusterId" form:"clusterId"`
    AccountId     string `json:"accountId" form:"accountId"`
    Region        string `json:"region" form:"region"`
    PodName       string `json:"podName" form:"podName"`
    ContainerName string `json:"containerName" form:"containerName"`
}

type XtermMessage struct {
    MsgType string `json:"type"`  // 类型:resize客户端调整终端, input客户端输入
    Input   string `json:"input"` // msgtype=input情况下使用
    Rows    uint16 `json:"rows"`  // msgtype=resize情况下使用
    Cols    uint16 `json:"cols"`  // msgtype=resize情况下使用
}

http handler中的一些权限认证前面已经提到,由于是演示,这里我们直接忽略。

func (api *CmsApi) PodExec(c *gin.Context) {
    var param common.ExecParam
    log := logger.GetLoggerFromContext(c)
    err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&param)
    if err != nil {
        log.WithField("err", err).Error("PodExec parse param error")
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, common.BadRequestErr)
        return
    }
    if len(param.Region) == 0 || len(param.AccountId) == 0 || len(param.ClusterId) == 0 {
        log.Error("region、accountId、clusterId required")
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, common.BadRequestErr)
        return
    }
    if len(param.Namespace) == 0 || len(param.PodName) == 0 {
        log.Error("namespace、podName required")
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, common.BadRequestErr)
        return
    }
    var upgrader = websocket.Upgrader{
        ReadBufferSize:  1024,
        WriteBufferSize: 1024,
        CheckOrigin: func(r *http.Request) bool {
            return true
        },
    }
    // 直接升级为WebSocket连接
    ws, err := upgrader.Upgrade(c.Writer, c.Request, nil)
    if err != nil {
        log.WithField("err", err).Error("upgrade websocket error")
        return
    }
    cluster.GetWebSocketManager().Put(ws)
    websocketKey := c.GetHeader("Sec-WebSocket-Key")
    clientKey := websocketKey + "=>" + ws.RemoteAddr().String()
    log.WithField("client", clientKey).Info("websocket connected")
    defer func(ws *websocket.Conn) {
        cluster.GetWebSocketManager().Del(ws)
        log.WithField("client", clientKey).Info("websocket closing in api...")
        ws.Close()
    }(ws)

    executor, err := cluster.GetPodExecReqExecutor(&param)
    if err != nil {
        log.WithField("err", err).Error("get exec executor error")
        c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, common.Err(err.Error()))
        return
    }
    streamHandler := cluster.NewWebStreamHandler(ws)
    streamHandler.InitCond()
    go cluster.OpenStream(ws, streamHandler, executor)
    var lastInputTime = time.Now()
    for {
        _, p, err := ws.ReadMessage()
        if err != nil {
            log.WithField("err", err).Error("read front message error")
            // 用户关闭页面时,主动向k8s容器发送exit命令,结束shell进程,然后等待2秒。
            sph.WriteData([]byte("exit\r\n"))
            time.Sleep(time.Duration(2) * time.Second)
            // must signal goroutine
            streamHandler.Cancel()
            break
        }
        log.WithField("xtermMessage", string(p)).Info("receive xterm message")
        var xtermMsg common.XtermMessage
        if err := json.Unmarshal(p, &xtermMsg); err != nil {
            log.WithField("err", err).Error("parse xterm message error")
            continue
        }
        switch xtermMsg.MsgType {
        case "input":
            // 控制调用WebSocket管理器的频率
            if time.Now().Unix() > lastInputTime.Add(time.Duration(1)*time.Minute).Unix() {
                cluster.GetWebSocketManager().Renew(ws)
                lastInputTime = time.Now()
            }
            streamHandler.WriteBuffer([]byte(xtermMsg.Input))
        case "resize":
            ts := remotecommand.TerminalSize{
                Width:  xtermMsg.Cols,
                Height: xtermMsg.Rows,
            }
            streamHandler.Resize(ts)
        default:
            log.Info("unsupported xterm message")
        }
    }
    log.WithField("client", clientKey).Info("websocket request end")
}

Stream

GetPodExecReqExecutor方法则是与指定集群建立SPDY长连接。

func GetPodExecReqExecutor(param *common.ExecParam) (remotecommand.Executor, error) {
    // 获取指定集群的kubeConfig,这个方法自行实现
    kubeConfig, err := GetKubeConfig(param.ClusterId, param.Region, param.AccountId)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    restConfig, err := clientcmd.RESTConfigFromKubeConfig(kubeConfig)
    if err != nil {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("err", err).Error("init rest config error")
        return nil, err
    }
    client, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(restConfig)
    if err != nil {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("err", err).Error("new k8s client error")
        return nil, err
    }
    opts := &v1.PodExecOptions{
        Command: []string{"sh"},
        Stdin:   true,
        Stdout:  true,
        Stderr:  true,
        TTY:     true,
    }
    if len(param.ContainerName) > 0 {
        opts.Container = strings.TrimSpace(param.ContainerName)
    }
    req := client.CoreV1().RESTClient().Post().
        Resource("pods").
        Name(param.PodName).
        Namespace(param.Namespace).
        SubResource("exec").
        VersionedParams(opts, scheme.ParameterCodec)
    executor, err := remotecommand.NewSPDYExecutor(restConfig, "POST", req.URL())
    if err != nil {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("err", err).Error("failed to new executor")
    }
    return executor, err
}

Executor获取之后,在连接上打开一个读写数据的Stream,同时设定好响应的Stream Handler,executor.Stream 方法是阻塞的,所以把这个方法放在一个独立的goroutine中执行, Stream打开之后,Stream中的Stdin、Stdout、Stderr处理器返回任何error,则Stream方法会立刻返回。

func OpenStream(conn *websocket.Conn, streamHandler *WebStreamHandler, executor remotecommand.Executor) {
    defer func(conn *websocket.Conn) {
        GetWebSocketManager().Del(conn)
        log.GetLogger().WithField("client", conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("websocket in open stream goroutine quit...")
        conn.Close()
    }(conn)
    opts := remotecommand.StreamOptions{
        Stdin:             streamHandler,
        Stdout:            streamHandler,
        Stderr:            streamHandler,
        TerminalSizeQueue: streamHandler,
        Tty:               true,
    }
    log.GetLogger().WithField("clientKey", conn.RemoteAddr()).Info("opening stream")
    err := executor.Stream(opts)
    if err != nil {
        log.GetLogger().WithField("err", err).Error("failed to open stream to pod")
        return
    }
    log.GetLogger().Info("open stream goroutine over")
}

最后提供好http handler 即可。

router := gin.New()
auth := router.Group("/auth", middleware.LoginCheck(), middleware.PermissionCheck())
auth.GET("/pod/exec", api.PodExec)

前端代码交互

        前端主要采用了xterm.js组件,当前是4.0版本,官方推荐采用ES6 module语法,这就需要WebPack来构建打包前端js模块。 除了xterm组件本身,还需下载其依赖的几个模块,如webLinkwinptyCompatfit,各依赖的具体作用请github自行搜索,效果图如下。

terminal

npm -v
npm install xterm
npm install xterm-addon-fit

由于本项目未引入WebPack,我直接找了一个3.0版本的xterm.js以及相关依赖,直接引入项目即可用,相关的前端html/js/css请自行实现,这里仅供一个删减版参考。

HTML

<html>
<head>
    <title>demo</title>
    <link href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.6.3/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="/static/css/custom.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="/static/css/xterm.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <script src="/static/js/jquery-2.1.4.min.js"></script>
    <script src="/static/js/xterm/xterm.js"></script>
    <script src="/static/js/xterm/addon/fit/fit.js"></script>
    <script src="/static/js/xterm/addon/webLinks/webLinks.js"></script>
    <script src="/static/js/xterm/addon/winptyCompat/winptyCompat.js"></script>
</head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <div class="custom-exec-page" id="execTerminalDiv">
                <div class="terminal-title">
                    <span class="terminal-span-key">namespace</span>
                    <input id="execTerminalNamespace" class="terminal-span-value" type="text" value="" readonly>
                    &nbsp;
                    <span class="terminal-span-key">pod</span>
                    <input id="execTerminalPod" class="terminal-span-value" type="text" value="" readonly>
                    &nbsp;
                    <span class="terminal-span-key">container</span>
                    <span>
                        <select id="execTerminalContainerSelect" class="terminal-span-value">
                        </select>
                    </span>
                    &nbsp;
                    <span>
                        <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm" id="execTerminalConfirmBtn">确定</button>&nbsp;
                    </span>
                    <span>
                        <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm" id="execTerminalCloseBtn">关闭</button>
                    </span>
                </div>
                <div class="full-view" id="execTerminal"></div>
            </div>
        </div>    
    </body>
</html>

部分样式

.terminal-span-key {
    font-weight: 800;
}

.terminal-span-value {
    max-width: 140px;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.custom-exec-page {
    width:100%;
    height: 100%;
    position:fixed;
    top:0;
    left:0;
    right:0;
    margin:auto;
    z-index:9999;
    overflow-x: hidden;
    display: none;
}

.full-view {
    width:100%;
    height: 100%;
}

JS模块

let execConn;
$(function(){
    Terminal.applyAddon(fit);
    Terminal.applyAddon(webLinks);
    Terminal.applyAddon(winptyCompat);
    $("#execTerminalConfirmBtn").click(function(){
        let ns = $("#execTerminalNamespace").val();
        let podName = $("#execTerminalPod").val();
        let containerName = $("#execTerminalContainerSelect").val();
        if (containerName == null) {
            containerName = "";
        }
        if (ns === '' || podName === '') {
            alert("namespace podName containerName can't be empty");
            return false;
        }
        $(this).attr("disabled", true);
        let param = {};
        fillCommonParam(param);
        param.namespace = ns;
        param.podName = podName;
        if (containerName !== '') {
            param.containerName = containerName;
        }
        let qs = getReqQueryParam(param);
        let websocketUrl = 'ws://localhost:8080';
        if (websocketUrl === '') {
            alert("websocket domain lost");
            return false;
        }
        let term = initExecTerminal();
        execConn = new WebSocket(websocketUrl + "/auth/pod/exec?" + qs);
        execConn.onopen=function(evt) {
            console.log("websocket onopen", evt);
            term.writeln('Welcome, websocket connected successfully');
        }
        execConn.onclose = function(evt) {
            console.log("websocket close", evt);
            term.write('websocket has been closed')
        }
        execConn.onmessage = function(evt) {
            term.write(evt.data);
        }
        execConn.onerror = function(evt) {
            console.log("websocket connect error", evt);
            term.write("websocket connect error")
        }
        window.addEventListener("resize", function () {
            term.fit()
            let msg = {type: "resize", rows: term.rows, cols: term.cols}
            execConn.send(JSON.stringify(msg))
        });
        term.on('data', function(input) {
            let msg = {type: "input", input: input}
            execConn.send(JSON.stringify(msg))
        });
    });

    $("#execTerminalCloseBtn").click(function(){
        if (term) {
            term.dispose();
        }
        resetExecTerminalPage();
    });


});

function initExecTerminal() {
    term = new Terminal({
        cursorStyle: "block",
        scrollback: 100,
        rendererType: "canvas",
        cursorBlink: true
    });
    term.open(document.getElementById("execTerminal"));
    term.fit();
    term.winptyCompatInit();
    term.webLinksInit();
    term.focus();
    return term;
}


function fillCommonParam(param) {
    let accountId = 'xxxx';
    let region = 'xxxx';
    let clusterId = 'xxxx';
    param.accountId = accountId;
    param.clusterId = clusterId;
    param.region = region;
}

function getReqQueryParam(param) {
    let qs = "";
    for (let key in param) {
        if (qs.length > 0) {
            qs = qs + "&" + key + "=" + param[key];
            continue;
        }
        qs = key + "=" + param[key];
    }
    return qs;
}

function resetExecTerminalPage() {
    $("#execTerminalDiv").hide();
    if (execConn && execConn.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        execConn.close();
    }
    $("#execTerminalNamespace").val("");
    $("#execTerminalPod").val("");
    $("#execTerminalContainerSelect option").remove();
    $("#execTerminalConfirmBtn").attr("disabled", false);
}

terminal2